Materials for Exam #2

 

The material below is for exam #2 on 11/10/2004 (materials were updated by 10/31/04)

 

Ch #6 Muscles

1)       Know the different types of  muscle tissue.

2)       Can muscles push the bone?

3)       How do motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction.

4)       Know the major muscle groups.

5)       What is the difference between fast and slow muscle fibers?

6)       The sliding filament theory is used to describe how a muscle contracts.  Can you tell me how this works?

7)       Describe a disease that effects muscle tissue.

8)       What is the source of energy for muscle cell contraction, about how long do these sources last

 

Ch #14 The Digestive System and Nutrition

1)       Can you follow a quarter as it is swallowed by a child?  List in order the portions of the GI tract that it passes.  What are the normal functions of those portions?

2)       What are the functions of the GI tract, you should know 6 of them.

3)       Can you describe the tissues present in a cross section of a piece of intestine?

4)       Describe the difference between absorption and digestion.

5)       What are some things that prevent absorption?

6)       Your well balanced diet should consist of complex carbohydrates 65%, fats and lipids 30% and proteins 15%.

7)   What are the consequences of under nutrition?  Can this be bad for you?  Is it worse in children?

 

Chapters 7 and 8: Blood and the circulatory system

1.       List the components of Blood and their proportions.

2.       What are the tasks that plasma proteins perform?

3.       Describe the Red and White Blood Cells.  Can you describe their f unction?

4.       How is Oxygen transported in blood?  (Serum, hemoglobin)

5.       What are the factors that affect Oxygen binding in tissues and in the lungs?

6.       Describe the life of a Red Blood Cell from its creation to when it is destroyed.  Where does this occur?

7.       Know and describe the different blood types

8.       Describe the rout of circulation: heart>> arteries>> arterioles>> capillaries>> venules>> veins>> heart

9.       List the structure of the Heart; do they carry oxegenated or deoxegenated blood?

10.    What is the relationship between Blood Pressure and Velocity in the Cardiovascular System

11.    Know this:  The Normal systolic pressure is 120mm of Hg: normal diastolic pressure is 80 mm.

12.    Know all the parts of a heartbeat.

13.    How Vessel structure Affects Blood Pressure?  How do arteries and veins differ?

14.    Describe the Exchange of fluid and solutes in the capillaries.

15.    Describe the Cardiovascular Disorders we listed in class.

16.    How and why does the lymphatic system returns excess fluid (lymph) to the bloodstream?

17.    What happens if the heart does not receive a consistent and adequate blood supply.

 

Chapter 9: Immunology

1.     List the bodies Three Lines of Defense and know how they work.

2.       Why do we have Inflammation, What are the roles of Macrophages and their like?

3.       The Immune system: Define how specificity and memory occur?

4.       Antibody-Mediated Responses B cells (plasma cells) how do antibodies and antigens interact?

5.       Describe Abnormal or Deficient Immune Responses: Allergies, Aids, and rheumatoid arthritis.

6.       You are exposed to an organism that can cause a disease and it is also resistant to antibiotics.  Describe the process of your infection and how your body could eventually overcome the bacterial infection.  

7.       Differentiate between nonspecific and specific immunity.

8.       How does immunization work?  How come you feel like you have the flue when you get a flue vaccination?  Do you really get a case of the flue?

9.       Why do autoimmune diseases occur?

 

Chapter 10: Respiration

1.       Overview of the Respiratory system:  Air moves via this route: nasal cavities à nasopharynx à pharynx àlarynx àvocal cords (space between is glottis) à trachea à Bronchi?à Bronchioles à Respiratory bronchioles à Alveoli.  Be able to recognize these structures on a figure.  See figures 10.1-3 in your text.  Look at the Anatomy Review on the CD.

2.       Where is the site of Gas Exchange in the Lungs

3.       What factors influence gas exchange: transport Pigments, temperature, pH?

4.       Ventilation.  Describe the process of taking a breath. (How we inhale and exhale)

5.       How does the body control ventilation and gas exchange?

6.       Describe respiration in unusual environments:  Decompression sickness, Hypoxia, CO poisoning.

7.       Can you die form holding your breath?  Explain the neural mechanisms that are operating here.

8.       Know how the following Diseases work.  Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, Pneumonia, colds

 

Chapter 11: The Nervous system

1.       Define and be able to use the following: Neurons, Action Potentials, Chemical synapses, Memoryj.

2.       Know the divisions of the Nervous System: The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves that carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord.

3.       States of consciousness: Central nervous system governs sleeping, dozing daydreaming and full alertness: Neurons of the reticular activating system control the changing levels of consciousness by releasing serotonin

4.       Describe the effects of drugs on the Central Nervous System:

5.       What is the result of demyelination of axons?  An example is multiple sclerosis.

6.       Why does drinking large amounts of coffee or other caffeine-containing beverages tend to make a person “nervous” or “jittery”?

                                                         

Ch. 12: Sensory Reception

1.       Sensory Systems: Describe the three component parts of a typical sensory system.

2.       Types of Sensory Receptors: Chemoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, and Nociceptors.

3.       Sensory Pathways: All sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to local, graded potentials, which may result in an action potential if the stimulus is intense or repeated fast enough

4.       Describe how muscle sense works.

5.       Taste.

6.       Smell

 

Ch 13: The endocrine system

1.       The Endocrine System: Hormones and other signaling molecules

2.       A target cell’s response to a hormone is dependent on two factors:

3.       Describe the action of a Steroid hormone.

4.       Describe the action of a Non steroid hormone.

5.       Describe how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland work jointly as the neural endocrine control center.

6.       Name 5 Examples of Abnormal Pituitary Output

7.       How does Diabetes occur and how is sugar concentration regulated in the body.

  1. How can Oxytocin be used to induce labor?  How does it work?
  2. Hormones that you shoud know.  Insulin, Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, LH, FSH, GnRH, HGH.

 

Ch 15: the Urinary System

  1. Be able to identify the components of the urinary system and their function.
  2. Describe the structure of the nephron and the processes involved in during formation of urine.
  3. Be able to describe the process of how urine is formed.
  4. What factors influence filtration pressure and the rate of filtrate formation?
  5. How do the kidneys respond to changing blood pressure?
  6. Describe the general symptoms and signs of disorders of the urinary system.
  7. What are some examples of conditions resulting form abnormal renal function.
  8. Why is there a difference in the number of blatter infections between males and females?

 

16: Reproductive systems

  1. When is sex determined?  What determines sex?
  2. Define the gonads, accessory glands and ducts of sex.
  3. Where and how do sperm form?
  4. What and where is semen formed.
  5. What hormones control sperm production?
  6. List the components of the female reproductive system.
  7. Where is an egg produces and what structures does the egg pass when it is discharged form the body?
  8. Overview the menstrual cycle, define the three phases of the menstrual cycle.
  9. How many mature eggs will a female produce during her lifetime?
  10. Describe the methods of preventing human fertility.
  11. Describe infertility, how do doctors make an infertile couple have children?

 

17: Cell Reproduction

  1. Define mitosis and meiosis
  2. How do simple somatic cells reproduce?
  3. What is the chromosome number of human cells before and after division?  Mitosis and Meiosis?
  4. Be able to draw the stages of mitosis and meiosis
  5. Draw a homologous pair of chromosomes?
  6. Be able to recognize the four states of mitosis?  What is going on during each phase?
  7. What is cytokinesis?
  8. Describe the events of meiosis that produce haploid cells?
  9. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis?  What are the really big differences?

 

Ch 18: Cancer

  1. Define cancer
  2. What are the genetic triggers for cancer?
  3. How is cancer diagnosed?
  4. What are the treatments for cancer?
  5. How can one prevent cancer?
  6. What are the major types of cancer?
  7. What are the most common cancers, what are their causes and how are they prevented.