Bio 130 Final exam review sheet SU 2002

Ch #10: Respiration

1. Overview of the Respiratory system: Air moves via this route: nasal cavities à nasopharynx à pharynx àlarynx àvocal cords (space between is glottis) à trachea à Bronchi?à Bronchioles à Respiratory bronchioles à Alveoli. Be able to recognize these structures on a figure. See figures 10.1-3 in your text. Look at the Anatomy Review on the CD.

2. Where is the site of Gas Exchange in the Lungs

3. What factors influence gas exchange: transport Pigments, temperature pH.

4. Ventilation. Describe the process of taking a breath. (How we inhale and exhale)

5. How does the body control ventilation and gas exchange?

6. Describe respiration in unusual environments: Decompression sickness Hypoxia, CO poisoning

7. Can you die form holding your breath? Explain the neural mechanisms that are operating here.

8. Know how the following Diseases work. Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, Pneumonia, colds

Ch #11: The Nervous system

1. Define and be able to use the following: Neurons, Action Potentials, Chemical synapses, Memory

2. Know the divisions of the Nervous System: The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves that carry signals to and from the brain and spinal cord.

3. States of consciousness: Central nervous system governs sleeping, dozing daydreaming and full alertness: Neurons of the reticular activating system control the changing levels of consciousness by releasing serotonin

4. Describe the effects of drugs on the Central Nervous System:

5. What is the result of demyelination of axons? An example is multiple sclerosis?

6. Why does drinking large amounts of coffee or other caffeine-containing beverages tend to make a person “nervous” or “jittery”?

Ch. #12: Sensory Reception

1. sensory Systems: Describe the three component parts of a typical sensory system

2. Types of Sensory Receptors: Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Sensory Pathways: All sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to local, graded potentials, which may result in an action potential if the stimulus is intense or repeated fast enough

3. Describe how muscle sense works.

4. Somatic Sensations: Somatic sensations start in the receptor endings of surface tissues, skeletal muscles, and walls of internal organs: they then travel up the spinal cord to the somatosensory cortex of the brain to be interpreted

5. Describe how hearing works by using mechanoreceptors

6. Balance: The sense of balance depends on the organs of equilibrium named the…

7.

Ch #13: The Endocrine system

1. Why do only certain cells respond to hormones?
2. What are the two major types of hormones and how do they work?

15: The Urinary system

1. Be able to identify the components of the urinary system and their function.
2. Describe the structure of the nephron and the processes involved in during urine formation.
3. What factors influence filtration pressure and the rate of filtrate formation?
4. How do the kidneys respond to changing blood pressure?
5. Describe the general symptoms and signs of disorders of the urinary system.
6. What are some examples of conditions resulting from abnormal renal function.

16: Reproductive systems

1. When is sex determined? What determines sex?

2. Define the gonads, accessory glands and ducts of sex.

3. Where and how do sperm form?

4. What and where is semen formed.

5. What hormones control sperm production?

6. List the components of the female reproductive system.

7. Where is an egg produces and what structures does the egg pass when it is discharged form the body?

8. Overview the menstrual cycle, define the three phases of the menstrual cycle.

9. How many mature eggs will a female produce during her lifetime?

10. Describe the methods of preventing human fertility.

11. Describe infertility, how do doctors make an infertile couple have children?

12. Define a pathogen; what are the differences between bacteria and viruses?

13. How is aids treated?

14. Why is it difficult to make a vaccine for aids?

15. List the causes and effects of gonorrhea, syphilis and clamydia pubic lice, vaginitis

17: Cell Reproduction

1. Define mitosis and meiosis.

2. How do simple somatic cells reproduce?

3. What is the chromosome number of human cells before and after division? Mitosis and Meiosis?

4. Be able to draw the stages of mitosis and meiosis.

5. Draw a homologous pair of chromosomes?

6. Be able to recognize the four states of mitosis? What is going on during each phase?

7. What is cytokinesis?

8. Describe the events of meiosis that produce haploid cells?

9. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis? What are the really big differences?

10. Describe the processes of replication, transcription and translation.

11. Given a short sequence of DNA be able to read it and give the amino acid sequence that it codes for.

12. Be able to recognize the correct molecular structure of DNA

13. What is correct base pairing in DNA

14. What effects can mutation have on protein synthesis

15. How are genes regulated?

18: Cancer

1. Define cancer.
2. What are the genetic triggers for cancer?
3. How is cancer diagnosed?
4. What are the treatments for cancer.
5. How can one prevent cancer?
6. What are the major types of cancer.
7. What are the most common cancers, what are their causes and how are they prevented.

19: Genetics and Inheritance

1. Define genes, locus, homologous chromosome, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive genotype, phenotype
2. How does one use the above words?
3. What are Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
4. 3:1 and (9:3:3:1) ratios
5. Define and describe independent assortment?
6. Penetrance, polygenic traits and genetic effect on behavior?
7. How does crossing over affect the linkage of two genes?
8. What chromosomes are autosomes and sex chromosomes?
9. Draw a Puente square to show the ration of boys to girls in a human cross.
10. What chromosomes determine sex?
11. Pedigree analysis (given a simple pedigree problem solve it)
12. Define the following as they pertain to genetics: Abnormal, genetic disorder, genetic counseling
13. Describe and define an autosomal recessive inherited trait
14. Describe and define an autosomal dominant inherited trait
15. Describe and define a sex linked trait
16. Be able to set up and read crosses with the above traits.
17. What is sex influenced inheritance.
18. What are the effects of chromosome number on birth.
19. Name some syndromes that have too many or too few chromosomes.

Ch 20: Development and aging

1. List the stages of development and describes what happens during each.

2. Where is the egg fertilized and where does it eventually end up?

3. What is organogenesis?

4. How many sperm are deposited in the vagina? How may sperm fertilize the egg.

5. What is implantation?

6. What role does the placenta play in development?

7. Describe an embryo at the end of eight weeks?

8. What happens during the 2nt trimester?

9. Describe the process of birth and lactation?

10. How does the maternal lifestyle affect development?

11. What happens to the body as it ages?

12. What are the causes of aging?

13. What happens to the body system as it ages?

Ch 21 Evolution and the Origins of life

1) Who is the person most credited with first explaining evolution?

2) What are the basic principles of evolution?

3) Describe micro and Macroevolution.

4) Is it populations or individuals that evolve?

5) Name the sources of variation that allow for evolution to occur.

6) How does selection act on mutations.

7) What are the main points to the theory express by Darwin in origin of species?

8) Describe genetic drift and gene flow, how do they change populations.

9) Describe gene flow.

10) How does one species become two species?

11) Describe the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution.

12) How do fossils form?

13) How does comparative morphology show evolutionary relationships?

14) Describe homologous and analogous structures?

15) Describe comparative biochemistry and nucleic acid comparisons

16) Give the basic format of vertebrates.

17) Give the basic format of a mammal.

18) Give the basic format of a primate.

19) What ate the key evolutionary trends of humans, IE what separates us from other primates?

20) Explain what is meant by the statement, “modern evolution is cultural, not biological”?

Ch 22: Ecosystems and Human Populations

1) Where does life exist on earth?

2) What is the ecosystem?

3) Describe the process of succession

4) What is the ultimate source of energy in the ecosystem?

5) List and describe the jobs of various consumers in the ecosystem?

6) What are the primary produces of the ecosystem?

7) What is meant by the term energy flows and nutrients are recycled?

8) Define a food web, if you were given a number of relationships you should be able to write out a food web.

9) Describe and use ecological pyramids.

10) What are the biological and geological sources of the following: water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous

11) Be able to discuss population density and distribution.

12) How does a population's age structure affect reproduction rate.

13) What is zero population growth, what does graphical representation of this look like?

14) What is doubling time of a population?

15) What is the biotic potential?

16) In what ways can the biotic potential be increased in human populations?

17) What was the previous limiting factor of the human population?

18) Has the carrying capacity of the human population changed over the last several centuries?

19) Know the basics of human population growth.

20) What are the different stages used to describe growth in various countries.

21) What stage is the United States in, what stage is Mexico in?

22) What are the effects of air pollution?

23) What is a sustainable world?